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A Pilot Study of Nocturnal Hypoglycemia Prevention in Type 1 Diabetes Using the Vigilant Diabetes Management Companion

Primary Purpose

Hypoglycemia, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1

Status
Terminated
Phase
Not Applicable
Locations
United States
Study Type
Interventional
Intervention
Vigilant Diabetes Management Application
Sponsored by
InSpark Technologies, Inc.
About
Eligibility
Locations
Arms
Outcomes
Full info

About this trial

This is an interventional prevention trial for Hypoglycemia

Eligibility Criteria

18 Years - 75 Years (Adult, Older Adult)All SexesAccepts Healthy Volunteers

Inclusion Criteria:

  • • Male or female participants aged between 18 and 75 years

    • Clinical diagnosis of type 1 diabetes mellitus and using multiple daily injections or CSII for at least six months
    • Patient has had documented nocturnal hypoglycemia in the last 2 months with an associated blood sugar reading less than 56mg/dL. Night is defined as the 8 hour interval when the patient usually sleeps (I.e. 11:00 pm to 7:00 am, for example).

OR

  • Patient has had at least 1 severe low at night in the last 6 months (helped by another). Night is defined as the 8 hour interval when the patient usually sleeps (I.e. 11:00 pm to 7:00 am, for example).
  • Willing to monitor and record signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia
  • Willing to test blood glucose levels at least three times a day
  • Ability to use Android or IOS mobile phone
  • No CGM Users

Exclusion Criteria:

  • • Pregnancy

    • Unable to use the technology
    • Any condition that in the investigators judgment is likely to cause the participant to be unable e to understand or provide informed consent
    • Unwilling to use SMBG at least three times a day
    • Unwilling to monitor and record signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia
    • Individuals who are unwilling to share their glucose meter data

Sites / Locations

  • East Carolina University

Arms of the Study

Arm 1

Arm Type

Experimental

Arm Label

Usual Care Patients on MDI or CSII

Arm Description

Usual Care Patients on MDI or CSII Usual care patients on multiple daily injections of insulin (MDI) or insulin pumps (CSII) will be their own controls against baseline and will use the Vigilant Diabetes Management Application in conjunction with a wireless blood glucose meter for three months.

Outcomes

Primary Outcome Measures

Reduction in the aggregate rate of nocturnal biochemical severe hypoglycemia in the Vigilant period versus the Baseline period as measured by meter or logged blood glucose values (mg/dL).
Nocturnal biochemical severe hypoglycemia is defined by 1) a reading below 56 mg/dL at night OR 2) a severe low (requires assistance from another) at night. Night is defined as the 8 hour interval when the patient usually sleeps (ie. 11:00pm to 7:00 am, for example). Baseline is defined as collected glycemic data prior to Vigilant initiation as well as the run-in period.
Reduction in the aggregate rate of nocturnal hypoglycemia in the Vigilant period versus the Baseline period as measured by meter or logged blood glucose values (mg/dL).
Nocturnal hypoglycemia is defined by 1) a reading below 70 mg/dL at night OR 2) a severe low (requires assistance from another) at night.Night is defined as the 8 hour interval when the patient usually sleeps (I.e. 11:00 pm to 7:00 am, for example). Night is defined as the 8 hour interval when the patient usually sleeps (ie. 11:00pm to 7:00 am, for example. Baseline is defined as collected glycemic data prior to Vigilant initiation as well as the run-in period.

Secondary Outcome Measures

An aggregate (total study population) reduction in the rate of mild hypoglycemia (biochemical and logged) as measured by home blood glucose values <70 mg/dL at 3 months, compared to the monthly rate of hypoglycemia in the Baseline period.
Logged values will only be considered in the calculation if no duplicate hypoglycemic readings within 15 minutes of the logged value can be found in the patient's meter download data.
An aggregate reduction in the rate of biochemical severe hypoglycemia as measured by home blood glucose values <40 mg/dL, during months 1-3, compared to the monthly rate of biochemical severe hypoglycemia in the Baseline period.
biochemical and logged) Logged values will only be considered in the calculation if no duplicate hypoglycemic readings within15 minutes of the logged value can be found in the patient's meter download data.
An aggregate reduction in average HbA1will be measured at baseline using DCA 2000 or equivalent NGSP- certified point-of-care method or local laboratory at 3 months, compared to HbA1c levels obtained at study initiation.
Reduction in HbA1c in three months vs baseline period.
An aggregate reduction in the survey self-reported rate of use of; 1) Glucagon 2) Emergency medical services for hypoglycemia, and 3) Hospital, urgent care or clinic visits for hypoglycemia or associated with hypoglycemia care visits.
Reduction in Glucagon use, Emergency services use, Hospitalizations and or ER/Urgent Care visits for hypoglycemia events vs baseline. In the intervention period, compared to the rate in the 3 month period prior to study initiation. Total study population data will be obtained from adding up the number of incidents on the self-reported surveys. In the event that additional data on emergency medical services, hospital, urgent care or clinical visits is available through the clinician of the patient, or through the patient's health plan or insurance, and the patient elects to provide this information for the benefit of the study, these records will be used to verify and / or supplement occurrences. Any record discrepancy will be resolved at the discretion of the principal investigator
An aggregate reduction in the mean glycemic variability, as measured by monthly ADRR (Average Daily Risk Range), calculated based on downloaded meter download data
Reduction in glycemic variability using the ADRR measure vs baseline period at 3 months, compared mean monthly ADRR value based on meter downloads at the end of the baseline period.
An aggregate (total study population) reduction in the LBGI and HBGI, as measured by percent of readings in and out of range calculated based on downloaded blood glucose meter download data.
Reduction in LBGI and HBGI in the three month intervention period versus baseline. In range = 70-180 mg/dL, Out of range is < 70 and > 180 mg/dL). At 3 months, compared to mean monthly percent of readings in and out of range based on blood glucose meter downloads at the end of the baseline period.
Reduction in reported fear of hypoglycemia as compared to baseline Fear of Hypoglycemia Fear Survey. The Hypoglycemia Fear Survey II (HSF II) will be used.
Reduction in reported fear of hypoglycemia and improvement in quality of life as compared to baseline survey results. It is a validated scale that consists of questions that measure behaviors involved in avoidance and over treatment of hypoglycemia and a worry subscale that measures anxiety and fear surrounding hypoglycemia. The Hypoglycemic Fear Survey endpoint will be met if the average ratings across all survey questions will be improved at 3 months, versus at study initiation. Exploratory analyses of the association of Hypoglycemia Fear Survey answers and clinical improvement will be done at the discretion of the Principal Investigator and Sponsor
Improvement in self-reported lost work productivity as a result of hypoglycemia. Individuals will complete a questionnaire about lost work days as a result of hypoglycemia at baseline and at 3 months.
Improvement in lost work productivity as a result of hypoglycemia as compared to self reported baseline survey results.
Improvement in self-reported psychosocial self-efficacy as compared to baseline measured using the Diabetes Empowerment Scale Short Form (DES-SF).
Improvement in self reported diabetes psychosocial self-efficacy. The Diabetes is an abbreviated, validated scale of the Diabetes Empowerment Scale (DES), which was developed and validated by the Michigan Diabetes Research Center for the measurement of psychosocial self-efficacy of people with diabetes.

Full Information

First Posted
February 19, 2016
Last Updated
February 28, 2017
Sponsor
InSpark Technologies, Inc.
Collaborators
East Carolina University
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1. Study Identification

Unique Protocol Identification Number
NCT02906891
Brief Title
A Pilot Study of Nocturnal Hypoglycemia Prevention in Type 1 Diabetes Using the Vigilant Diabetes Management Companion
Official Title
A Pilot Study of Nocturnal Hypoglycemia Prevention in Type 1 Diabetes Using the Vigilant Diabetes Management Companion
Study Type
Interventional

2. Study Status

Record Verification Date
February 2017
Overall Recruitment Status
Terminated
Why Stopped
Insufficient resources to complete study
Study Start Date
May 2016 (undefined)
Primary Completion Date
December 2016 (Actual)
Study Completion Date
December 2016 (Actual)

3. Sponsor/Collaborators

Responsible Party, by Official Title
Sponsor
Name of the Sponsor
InSpark Technologies, Inc.
Collaborators
East Carolina University

4. Oversight

Data Monitoring Committee
No

5. Study Description

Brief Summary
A single center pilot study assessing the Vigilant Diabetes Management Companion for the prevention of recurrent nocturnal hypoglycemia in type I diabetes patients.
Detailed Description
This is a pilot study to determine whether a large-scale randomized trial is feasible. The pilot study will test if the Vigilant Diabetes Management System is effective in adults with T-I Diabetes in preventing nocturnal hypoglycemia, improving moderate hypoglycemia, improving diabetes quality of life and in reducing fear of hypoglycemia. 2ndary aim: Health care professional adoption of the technology - medication titrated or changed, reports that the system facilitated treatment decisions, provided meaningful feedback and or reduced time. This is a single center 12-week Pilot trial with one arm. Subjects will serve as their own controls. The study will include usual care patients on MDI (multiple daily injections) or CSII (continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion) with the additional use of the Vigilant Diabetes Management System. There will be a 4-week baseline period prior to the 12-week intervention. Subject participation for the 4-week baseline period will last for 2 to 4 hours during two visits. Subjects participating in the intervention phase of 12 weeks will require one additional visit for 2 to 3 hours at 3 months, which is routine for this population. Participants will be provided with a wireless blood glucose meter for the duration of the study and will download the Vigilant mobile application to their mobile phone. The Vigilant system stores blood glucose test results, pattern events, and user settings. In addition to receiving blood glucose measurements entered from the user, storing and displaying them, Vigilant provides the following features and tools for the user: Blood Glucose Reading review and editing: The user will be able to review data logs and manually edit blood glucose results. Pattern Messages: Alerts the user that one or more patterns were found in the results that were entered, including patterns that are indicative of risk of severe hypoglycemia in the next 24 hours. Long Term Control Summary: Identifies the current and retrospective blood glucose averages and variability. The following blood glucose patterns will be identified by the Vigilant application: Weekly and monthly glucose averages overall and within daily time periods Daily periods of infrequent testing Daily periods of high, low or variable blood glucose - Daily Pattern Messaging System. Patterns of blood glucose indicative of increased risk of low blood glucose levels in the next 24 hours - Hypo Risk Indicator. Weekly and monthly blood glucose variability - Average Daily Risk Range or ADRR. Vigilant incorporates a Tutorial Mode which offers detailed feedback on the meaning of pattern analyses performed by the software. In addition, two separate training videos have been developed for patients and clinicians to initiate them on use and understanding of the device and its features. Caregivers will have access to the information outlined above, as well as summary screens that highlight glycemic control metrics and patients and risk notifications for all of their patients on Vigilant, subject to patient approval. Subjects will be recruited from one diabetes clinic. Patients with type I diabetes and a history of nocturnal and or severe hypoglycemia will be assessed to see if they are eligible for the study. All those who are considered eligible will be approached to give their written, informed consent before attending a screening visit where the inclusion criteria will be checked. At the Screening Visit the following procedures will be performed and criteria will be checked and documented: Signed and dated informed consent Assignment of subject number Inclusion and exclusion criteria Demographics - date of birth, gender, race and ethnicity Subjects Diabetes history Clinician Professional history SMBG-self-monitoring of blood glucose training with study meter Use of study hypoglycemia diary Completion of study questionnaires After consent, participants will participate in the 4-week run-in baseline period before the 12-week pilot intervention to collect baseline data on glycemic control and hypoglycemia and to assess adherence with testing criteria. All participants will be asked to conduct SMBG or self-monitoring of blood glucose three or more times a day and asked to record the clinical details of any hypoglycemia events. At the end of the 4-week baseline period, participants will return for a study visit where the investigator will complete the following: Download the SMBG and hypoglycemia diary and data Obtain A1C Affirmation of participant commitment to test and record To continue in the study, subjects will need to have obtained at least three blood glucose values per day and have recorded hypoglycemia symptoms and episodes. Prior to the 12-week intervention period, all study participants will complete validated study questionnaires -Hypoglycemia Fear, Diabetes Empowerment Survey etc. At visit 2, the subjects will complete training with the Vigilant program. They will watch a video demonstration on an iPhone , Android or iPod Touch that explains the use of the Vigilant device. Study participants will be provided a wireless blood glucose monitor and asked to follow their normal diabetes management program for the subsequent 12 weeks. They will be asked to use the Vigilant program at home in conjunction with the provided wireless meter for the subsequent 12 weeks, according to the following instructions: The subject will follow their typical blood glucose-testing regimen, with the exception that they must perform an average of at least 3 fingerstick blood glucose measurements daily during that time. Subjects will be asked to keep a log of HRI or hypoglycemia risk indicator pattern messages received, with any entered glucose reading if delivered at that time, and what diabetes management action they chose to perform when the message is received. Subjects will be asked to log whether or not they understand the feedback given, and what action is taken to address the pattern, if any. Subjects will not be required to perform any specific diabetes management action to address identified patterns. Worksheets will be provided to patients to facilitate record keeping for pattern message feedback. It is preferred that the subject use predominantly the study supplied meter during the course of the 12 weeks of home use and only two glucometers maximum. Subjects will be instructed to change the date and time of their meter in the event of any changes for daylight savings time, or travel to different time zones, so that it matches the iPod touch or Phone clock time. Subject will be instructed on proper SMBG technique including using water and dry towel prior to testing, avoiding alternate site testing, and using the second hanging blood drop. The subject will be asked to demonstrate an SMBG test at the visit to document proper technique. Participants will be followed up at three months during the 12-week intervention period. Subjects will also receive a telephone or email communication from the study manager within several days of the beginning of the home use portion of the study to ensure the patient understands the protocol and is entering data according to instructions. At this time they will also be asked to send several screen shots of their application with a log of their data and patterns that have been identified, to ensure the device is working according to the intended use and data is being entered. Another follow up will occur 4 weeks into the study where the patients will be asked the same questions and given the same instructions. Subjects involved in this study should also allow their Vigilant-using clinician to see their Vigilant patterns, and also plan to see their Vigilant-using clinician at least once for a regular check up during their Vigilant use period. This can be done at Visit 3, if desired. A follow-up and final visit will occur at the three-month end of the 12 week intervention period, which is the typical routine schedule for usual care. Additional visits may be scheduled by provider as indicated for diabetes management. The following procedures will be performed in at the follow-up visit: Blood draw for HbA1c Download SMBG data Review of patient diaries and data Data collection of hypoglycemia and other events Review of Vigilant pattern messages and patient log Completion of study questionnaires and surveys

6. Conditions and Keywords

Primary Disease or Condition Being Studied in the Trial, or the Focus of the Study
Hypoglycemia, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1

7. Study Design

Primary Purpose
Prevention
Study Phase
Not Applicable
Interventional Study Model
Single Group Assignment
Masking
None (Open Label)
Allocation
N/A
Enrollment
13 (Actual)

8. Arms, Groups, and Interventions

Arm Title
Usual Care Patients on MDI or CSII
Arm Type
Experimental
Arm Description
Usual Care Patients on MDI or CSII Usual care patients on multiple daily injections of insulin (MDI) or insulin pumps (CSII) will be their own controls against baseline and will use the Vigilant Diabetes Management Application in conjunction with a wireless blood glucose meter for three months.
Intervention Type
Device
Intervention Name(s)
Vigilant Diabetes Management Application
Other Intervention Name(s)
Vigilant
Intervention Description
The Vigilant Diabetes Management Companion by InSpark Technologies was developed to assist in the prevention of hypoglycemia by providing the individual with an unobtrusive analysis of their blood glucose values and notifying them about periods of upcoming risk for low and high blood glucose; and in particular periods of risk for severe hypoglycemia. This allows the individual to take preventive corrective action. Subjects will download the Vigilant DiabetesManagement Application and use it in conjunction with a study supplied wireless blood glucose meter. They will check blood glucose values at least three times a day and receive summaries and notifications from Vigilant regarding periods of risk and blood glucose patterns.
Primary Outcome Measure Information:
Title
Reduction in the aggregate rate of nocturnal biochemical severe hypoglycemia in the Vigilant period versus the Baseline period as measured by meter or logged blood glucose values (mg/dL).
Description
Nocturnal biochemical severe hypoglycemia is defined by 1) a reading below 56 mg/dL at night OR 2) a severe low (requires assistance from another) at night. Night is defined as the 8 hour interval when the patient usually sleeps (ie. 11:00pm to 7:00 am, for example). Baseline is defined as collected glycemic data prior to Vigilant initiation as well as the run-in period.
Time Frame
3 months
Title
Reduction in the aggregate rate of nocturnal hypoglycemia in the Vigilant period versus the Baseline period as measured by meter or logged blood glucose values (mg/dL).
Description
Nocturnal hypoglycemia is defined by 1) a reading below 70 mg/dL at night OR 2) a severe low (requires assistance from another) at night.Night is defined as the 8 hour interval when the patient usually sleeps (I.e. 11:00 pm to 7:00 am, for example). Night is defined as the 8 hour interval when the patient usually sleeps (ie. 11:00pm to 7:00 am, for example. Baseline is defined as collected glycemic data prior to Vigilant initiation as well as the run-in period.
Time Frame
3 months
Secondary Outcome Measure Information:
Title
An aggregate (total study population) reduction in the rate of mild hypoglycemia (biochemical and logged) as measured by home blood glucose values <70 mg/dL at 3 months, compared to the monthly rate of hypoglycemia in the Baseline period.
Description
Logged values will only be considered in the calculation if no duplicate hypoglycemic readings within 15 minutes of the logged value can be found in the patient's meter download data.
Time Frame
3 months
Title
An aggregate reduction in the rate of biochemical severe hypoglycemia as measured by home blood glucose values <40 mg/dL, during months 1-3, compared to the monthly rate of biochemical severe hypoglycemia in the Baseline period.
Description
biochemical and logged) Logged values will only be considered in the calculation if no duplicate hypoglycemic readings within15 minutes of the logged value can be found in the patient's meter download data.
Time Frame
3 months
Title
An aggregate reduction in average HbA1will be measured at baseline using DCA 2000 or equivalent NGSP- certified point-of-care method or local laboratory at 3 months, compared to HbA1c levels obtained at study initiation.
Description
Reduction in HbA1c in three months vs baseline period.
Time Frame
3 months
Title
An aggregate reduction in the survey self-reported rate of use of; 1) Glucagon 2) Emergency medical services for hypoglycemia, and 3) Hospital, urgent care or clinic visits for hypoglycemia or associated with hypoglycemia care visits.
Description
Reduction in Glucagon use, Emergency services use, Hospitalizations and or ER/Urgent Care visits for hypoglycemia events vs baseline. In the intervention period, compared to the rate in the 3 month period prior to study initiation. Total study population data will be obtained from adding up the number of incidents on the self-reported surveys. In the event that additional data on emergency medical services, hospital, urgent care or clinical visits is available through the clinician of the patient, or through the patient's health plan or insurance, and the patient elects to provide this information for the benefit of the study, these records will be used to verify and / or supplement occurrences. Any record discrepancy will be resolved at the discretion of the principal investigator
Time Frame
3 months
Title
An aggregate reduction in the mean glycemic variability, as measured by monthly ADRR (Average Daily Risk Range), calculated based on downloaded meter download data
Description
Reduction in glycemic variability using the ADRR measure vs baseline period at 3 months, compared mean monthly ADRR value based on meter downloads at the end of the baseline period.
Time Frame
3 months
Title
An aggregate (total study population) reduction in the LBGI and HBGI, as measured by percent of readings in and out of range calculated based on downloaded blood glucose meter download data.
Description
Reduction in LBGI and HBGI in the three month intervention period versus baseline. In range = 70-180 mg/dL, Out of range is < 70 and > 180 mg/dL). At 3 months, compared to mean monthly percent of readings in and out of range based on blood glucose meter downloads at the end of the baseline period.
Time Frame
3 months
Title
Reduction in reported fear of hypoglycemia as compared to baseline Fear of Hypoglycemia Fear Survey. The Hypoglycemia Fear Survey II (HSF II) will be used.
Description
Reduction in reported fear of hypoglycemia and improvement in quality of life as compared to baseline survey results. It is a validated scale that consists of questions that measure behaviors involved in avoidance and over treatment of hypoglycemia and a worry subscale that measures anxiety and fear surrounding hypoglycemia. The Hypoglycemic Fear Survey endpoint will be met if the average ratings across all survey questions will be improved at 3 months, versus at study initiation. Exploratory analyses of the association of Hypoglycemia Fear Survey answers and clinical improvement will be done at the discretion of the Principal Investigator and Sponsor
Time Frame
3 months
Title
Improvement in self-reported lost work productivity as a result of hypoglycemia. Individuals will complete a questionnaire about lost work days as a result of hypoglycemia at baseline and at 3 months.
Description
Improvement in lost work productivity as a result of hypoglycemia as compared to self reported baseline survey results.
Time Frame
3 months
Title
Improvement in self-reported psychosocial self-efficacy as compared to baseline measured using the Diabetes Empowerment Scale Short Form (DES-SF).
Description
Improvement in self reported diabetes psychosocial self-efficacy. The Diabetes is an abbreviated, validated scale of the Diabetes Empowerment Scale (DES), which was developed and validated by the Michigan Diabetes Research Center for the measurement of psychosocial self-efficacy of people with diabetes.
Time Frame
3 months
Other Pre-specified Outcome Measures:
Title
Average ratings of "acceptable" or better from self-reported survey clinician feedback on the utility of Vigilant in managing patients.
Description
The secondary endpoint for clinicians will be met with average ratings of "acceptable" or better from self- reported clinician feedback on a survey on the utility of Vigilant in managing patients in their practice; supporting medication titration, facilitating positive treatment decisions, providing meaningful feedback and reducing time spent doing data analysis.
Time Frame
3 months

10. Eligibility

Sex
All
Minimum Age & Unit of Time
18 Years
Maximum Age & Unit of Time
75 Years
Accepts Healthy Volunteers
Accepts Healthy Volunteers
Eligibility Criteria
Inclusion Criteria: • Male or female participants aged between 18 and 75 years Clinical diagnosis of type 1 diabetes mellitus and using multiple daily injections or CSII for at least six months Patient has had documented nocturnal hypoglycemia in the last 2 months with an associated blood sugar reading less than 56mg/dL. Night is defined as the 8 hour interval when the patient usually sleeps (I.e. 11:00 pm to 7:00 am, for example). OR Patient has had at least 1 severe low at night in the last 6 months (helped by another). Night is defined as the 8 hour interval when the patient usually sleeps (I.e. 11:00 pm to 7:00 am, for example). Willing to monitor and record signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia Willing to test blood glucose levels at least three times a day Ability to use Android or IOS mobile phone No CGM Users Exclusion Criteria: • Pregnancy Unable to use the technology Any condition that in the investigators judgment is likely to cause the participant to be unable e to understand or provide informed consent Unwilling to use SMBG at least three times a day Unwilling to monitor and record signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia Individuals who are unwilling to share their glucose meter data
Overall Study Officials:
First Name & Middle Initial & Last Name & Degree
Laurel Fuqua, RN, MSN
Organizational Affiliation
InSpark Technologies, Inc.
Official's Role
Study Chair
First Name & Middle Initial & Last Name & Degree
Robert Tanenberg, MD
Organizational Affiliation
East Carolina University
Official's Role
Principal Investigator
Facility Information:
Facility Name
East Carolina University
City
Greenville
State/Province
North Carolina
ZIP/Postal Code
27834
Country
United States

12. IPD Sharing Statement

Plan to Share IPD
Undecided
Citations:
PubMed Identifier
11023138
Citation
ter Braak EW, Appelman AM, van de Laak M, Stolk RP, van Haeften TW, Erkelens DW. Clinical characteristics of type 1 diabetic patients with and without severe hypoglycemia. Diabetes Care. 2000 Oct;23(10):1467-71. doi: 10.2337/diacare.23.10.1467.
Results Reference
result
PubMed Identifier
2012085
Citation
Epidemiology of severe hypoglycemia in the diabetes control and complications trial. The DCCT Research Group. Am J Med. 1991 Apr;90(4):450-9.
Results Reference
result
PubMed Identifier
2861565
Citation
Cryer PE, Gerich JE. Glucose counterregulation, hypoglycemia, and intensive insulin therapy in diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 1985 Jul 25;313(4):232-41. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198507253130405.
Results Reference
result
PubMed Identifier
22950059
Citation
Ha WC, Oh SJ, Kim JH, Lee JM, Chang SA, Sohn TS, Son HS. Severe hypoglycemia is a serious complication and becoming an economic burden in diabetes. Diabetes Metab J. 2012 Aug;36(4):280-4. doi: 10.4093/dmj.2012.36.4.280. Epub 2012 Aug 20.
Results Reference
result
PubMed Identifier
24876425
Citation
Otto EA, Tannan V. Evaluation of the utility of a glycemic pattern identification system. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2014 Jul;8(4):830-8. doi: 10.1177/1932296814532210. Epub 2014 May 12.
Results Reference
result
PubMed Identifier
17065680
Citation
Kovatchev BP, Otto E, Cox D, Gonder-Frederick L, Clarke W. Evaluation of a new measure of blood glucose variability in diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2006 Nov;29(11):2433-8. doi: 10.2337/dc06-1085.
Results Reference
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PubMed Identifier
21216860
Citation
Kovatchev BP, Mendosa P, Anderson S, Hawley JS, Ritterband LM, Gonder-Frederick L. Effect of automated bio-behavioral feedback on the control of type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2011 Feb;34(2):302-7. doi: 10.2337/dc10-1366. Epub 2011 Jan 7.
Results Reference
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PubMed Identifier
24695260
Citation
Edelman SV, Blose JS. The Impact of Nocturnal Hypoglycemia on Clinical and Cost-Related Issues in Patients With Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Educ. 2014 May;40(3):269-279. doi: 10.1177/0145721714529608. Epub 2014 Apr 2.
Results Reference
result

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A Pilot Study of Nocturnal Hypoglycemia Prevention in Type 1 Diabetes Using the Vigilant Diabetes Management Companion

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