Ketone Esters for Appetite, Cognition, and Cardiovascular Function in Individuals With Obesity and Insulin Resistance

Inclusion Criteria: Adults between the ages of 18-50 years of age. Presence of one of the following: Body mass index (BMI) of = 30 kg/m2; a waist circumference of = 102 cm for males and = 88 cm for females Body fat percentage of = 28% for males and = 40% for females. The additional presence of one of the following: Fasting blood glucose of 100-125 mg/dl indicating prediabetes Fasting blood glucose of 126 mg/dl or greater indicating undiagnosed diabetes Previously diagnosed type II diabetes that is not insulin-dependent. Control Participant Eligibility: Normal weight (BMI < 25.00 kg/m2) A waist circumference of < 102 cm for males and < 88 cm for females, and No indication of diabetes based on the aforementioned criteria Exclusion Criteria: Pregnant Breastfeeding or lactating Missing any limbs or part of a limb Having a substantial amount of metal implants (metal plates or complete joint replacements) Having a pacemaker or any other electrical implant Type I diabetes Gestational diabetes Taking insulin Any history of severe traumatic brain injury or mild traumatic brain injury within the last two years Kidney disease Liver disease Thyroid disease Any diagnosed neurological or neurodegenerative diseases Any surgeries that would impact swallowing and/or digestion Being on a ketogenic diet or having been on a ketogenic diet in the last 6 months Having received ionizing radiation from a medical procedure within the last 30 days Being on a medically prescribed diet