Lifestyle Intervention in Overweight Women (PESO)

The Exercise and Obesity Health Promotion (PESO) program is a randomized controlled trial designed to analyze the effects of a lifestyle intervention in weight management and health-related parameters of overweight and obese premenopausal women

The PESO (Exercise and Obesity Health Promotion Program) is a program of weight control and exercise promotion for overweight and obese premenopausal women, developed by specialists in exercise, nutrition, and psychology, under medical supervision. It is a program that promotes the autonomy of the participants and the permanent modification of their habits and lifestyles, without the use of drugs or any other products, devices, or techniques of "slimming". Participants in the PESO Program were able to enjoy a regular and multifaceted group program, aiming to increase knowledge about permanent body weight control, increased motivation and practice of physical activity and exercise, and improved habits food and nutrition. Increases in functional mobility, metabolic health, quality of life and the physical and mental well-being of the participants are central priorities of this Program. The PESO Program was conducted in a university context and was led by teachers and researchers from the Faculty of Human Motors and other national and foreign institutions. The program is not for commercial purposes, it does not entail financial costs for the participants and it is involved in a wide range of scientific research projects, which have been recognized by individuals and external entities as relevant and of interest to the general population and the community in particular.

Obesity, Weight Loss, Lifestyle, Sedentary, Physical Activity, Nutritional and Metabolic Disease, Behavior, Health, Cardiovascular Risk Factor

obesity, body composition, weight management, cardiovascular and metabolic markers, Behavioral change, Exercise

Participants in this group received a lifestyle intervention from baseline to 4 months. From 4 to 16 months participants were involved in two supervised exercise sessions per week plus healthy lifestyle interactive sessions. The experimental intervention consisted of: a) monthly behavioral sessions consisted of lifestyle interactive sessions took place monthly and covered and followed contents that were addressed during the first 4 months of the study; b) The supervised exercise sessions were prescribed using an aerobic mode performed at a moderate-to-vigorous intensity during 45 minutes, twice a week, preferably during the weekends.

Participants in this group received a lifestyle intervention from baseline to 4 months. From 4 to 16 months participants received no intervention

Participants in this group received a lifestyle intervention from baseline to 4 months and then from 4 to 16 months participants were involved in non-supervised exercise group sessions with monthly behavioral sessions. The experimental intervention consisted of monthly behavioral sessions consisted of lifestyle interactive sessions took place monthly and covered and followed contents that were addressed during the first 4 months of the study

Monthly behavioral sessions consisted of lifestyle interactive sessions will take place monthly and covered and followed contents that were addressed during the first 4 months of the study

Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (pencil beam mode, QDR-1500 Hologic, United States) was used to assess changes in total and regional fat and fat-free mass.

Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (pencil beam mode, QDR-1500 Hologic, United States) was used to assess changes in total and regional fat and fat-free mass.

Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (pencil beam mode, QDR-1500 Hologic, United States) was used to assess changes in total and regional fat and fat-free mass.

Using the same scan parameters, contiguous 7-mm-thick cross-sectional images of both legs were obtained between the inferior ischial tuberosity and the superior border of the patella. Total/subcutaneous thigh Adipose tissue was measured by axial computerized tomography (Somaton Plus; Siemens, Germany).

Using the same scan parameters, contiguous 7-mm-thick cross-sectional images of both legs were obtained between the inferior ischial tuberosity and the superior border of the patella. Total/subcutaneous thigh Adipose tissue was measured by axial computerized tomography (Somaton Plus; Siemens, Germany).

Using the same scan parameters, contiguous 7-mm-thick cross-sectional images of both legs were obtained between the inferior ischial tuberosity and the superior border of the patella. Muscle tissue was measured by axial computerized tomography (Somaton Plus; Siemens, Germany).

Using the same scan parameters, contiguous 7-mm-thick cross-sectional images of both legs were obtained between the inferior ischial tuberosity and the superior border of the patella. Muscle tissue was measured by axial computerized tomography (Somaton Plus; Siemens, Germany).

With the subjects supine and arms extended above their head, a single cross-sectional axial computerized tomography (Somaton Plus; Siemens, Germany) L4-L5 intervertebral space image was acquired to measure abdominal adipose tissue compartments

With the subjects supine and arms extended above their head, a single cross-sectional axial computerized tomography (Somaton Plus; Siemens, Germany) L4-L5 intervertebral space image was acquired to measure abdominal adipose tissue compartments

Bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy (Hydra 4200 Xitron, United States) was used to assess total-body water

Bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy (Hydra 4200 Xitron, United States) was used to assess total-body water

Bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy (Hydra 4200 Xitron, United States) was used to assess extracellular water

Bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy (Hydra 4200 Xitron, United States) was used to assess extracellular water

Bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy (Hydra 4200 Xitron, United States) was used to assess intracellular water

Bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy (Hydra 4200 Xitron, United States) was used to assess intracellular water

Bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy (Hydra 4200 Xitron, United States) was used to assess resistance

Bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy (Hydra 4200 Xitron, United States) was used to assess resistance

Bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy (Hydra 4200 Xitron, United States) was used to assess phase angle

Bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy (Hydra 4200 Xitron, United States) was used to assess phase angle

Bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy (Hydra 4200 Xitron, United States) was used to assess changes in Bioelectrical Impedance Vector Analysis

Bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy (Hydra 4200 Xitron, United States) was used to assess changes in Bioelectrical Impedance Vector Analysis

The quality of life was reported through the SF-36 questionnaire. The SF-36 is a 36-item, generic quality-of-life measure that assesses 8 domains: (1) physical functioning; (2) role limitation due to physical-health problems; (3) bodily pain; (4) general health perceptions; (5) vitality; (6) social functioning; (7) role limitations due to emotional-health problems; and (8) mental health. Social function, vitality, and general health perceptions scales measure both physical and mental health status. All health measures were scored on scales of 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating better health.

The quality of life was reported through the SF-36 questionnaire. The SF-36 is a 36-item, generic quality-of-life measure that assesses 8 domains: (1) physical functioning; (2) role limitation due to physical-health problems; (3) bodily pain; (4) general health perceptions; (5) vitality; (6) social functioning; (7) role limitations due to emotional-health problems; and (8) mental health. Social function, vitality, and general health perceptions scales measure both physical and mental health status. All health measures were scored on scales of 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating better health.

The quality of life was reported through the SF-36 questionnaire. The SF-36 is a 36-item, generic quality-of-life measure that assesses 8 domains: (1) physical functioning; (2) role limitation due to physical-health problems; (3) bodily pain; (4) general health perceptions; (5) vitality; (6) social functioning; (7) role limitations due to emotional-health problems; and (8) mental health. Social function, vitality, and general health perceptions scales measure both physical and mental health status. All health measures were scored on scales of 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating better health.

A self-reported measure of physical activity was used, specifically the short-form of the International physical activity questionnaire (IPAQ-SF). The IPAQ-SF records the last 7 day recall for four intensity levels of physical activity which is vigorous-intensity activity, moderate-intensity activity, walking, and sitting. From IPAQ data were converted to Metabolic Equivalent minutes per week (MET-min/week) using the published formulation the Compendium average MET score. Physical activity of low intensity was characterized by activities inducing less than 3 metabolic equivalents (MET), moderate intensity between 3 and 5.9 MET and for vigorous intensity higher than 6 MET. The higher the number of MET, the higher the intensity. The duration of the activities in each intensity were calculated based on the reported time per week. The higher the duration in activities of moderate to vigorous physical activity the highest the physical activity level

A self-reported measure of physical activity was used, specifically the short-form of the International physical activity questionnaire (IPAQ-SF). The IPAQ-SF records the last 7 day recall for four intensity levels of physical activity which is vigorous-intensity activity, moderate-intensity activity, walking, and sitting. From IPAQ data were converted to Metabolic Equivalent minutes per week (MET-min/week) using the published formulation the Compendium average MET score. Physical activity of low intensity was characterized by activities inducing less than 3 metabolic equivalents (MET), moderate intensity between 3 and 5.9 MET and for vigorous intensity higher than 6 MET. The higher the number of MET, the higher the intensity. The duration of the activities in each intensity were calculated based on the reported time per week. The higher the duration in activities of moderate to vigorous physical activity the highest the physical activity level

A self-reported measure of physical activity was used, specifically the short-form of the International physical activity questionnaire (IPAQ-SF). The IPAQ-SF records the last 7 day recall for four intensity levels of physical activity which is vigorous-intensity activity, moderate-intensity activity, walking, and sitting. From IPAQ data were converted to Metabolic Equivalent minutes per week (MET-min/week) using the published formulation the Compendium average MET score. Physical activity of low intensity was characterized by activities inducing less than 3 metabolic equivalents (MET), moderate intensity between 3 and 5.9 MET and for vigorous intensity higher than 6 MET. The higher the number of MET, the higher the intensity. The duration of the activities in each intensity were calculated based on the reported time per week. The higher the duration in activities of moderate to vigorous physical activity the highest the physical activity level

Energy intake was assessed during a 3-day period by a 24-hour diet record. Subjects were instructed regarding portion sizes, supplements, food preparation aspects, and other aspects pertaining to an accurate recording of their energy intake. Records were turned in and reviewed at the time of laboratory testing for total energy intake. Dietary records were analyzed using a software package (Food Processor SQL, ESHA Research, Salem, OR, USA).

Energy intake was assessed during a 3-day period by a 24-hour diet record. Subjects were instructed regarding portion sizes, supplements, food preparation aspects, and other aspects pertaining to an accurate recording of their energy intake. Records were turned in and reviewed at the time of laboratory testing for total energy intake. Dietary records were analyzed using a software package (Food Processor SQL, ESHA Research, Salem, OR, USA).

Energy intake was assessed during a 3-day period by a 24-hour diet record. Subjects were instructed regarding portion sizes, supplements, food preparation aspects, and other aspects pertaining to an accurate recording of their energy intake. Records were turned in and reviewed at the time of laboratory testing for total energy intake. Dietary records were analyzed using a software package (Food Processor SQL, ESHA Research, Salem, OR, USA).

Macro-nutrient intake was assessed during a 3-day period by a 24-hour diet record. Subjects were instructed regarding portion sizes, supplements, food preparation aspects, and other aspects pertaining to an accurate recording of their food intake. Records were turned in and reviewed at the time of laboratory testing. Dietary records were analyzed using a software package (Food Processor SQL, ESHA Research, Salem, OR, USA).

Macro-nutrient intake was assessed during a 3-day period by a 24-hour diet record. Subjects were instructed regarding portion sizes, supplements, food preparation aspects, and other aspects pertaining to an accurate recording of their food intake. Records were turned in and reviewed at the time of laboratory testing. Dietary records were analyzed using a software package (Food Processor SQL, ESHA Research, Salem, OR, USA).

Macro-nutrient intake was assessed during a 3-day period by a 24-hour diet record. Subjects were instructed regarding portion sizes, supplements, food preparation aspects, and other aspects pertaining to an accurate recording of their food intake. Records were turned in and reviewed at the time of laboratory testing. Dietary records were analyzed using a software package (Food Processor SQL, ESHA Research, Salem, OR, USA).

Micronutrient intake was assessed during a 3-day period by a 24-hour diet record. Subjects were instructed regarding portion sizes, supplements, food preparation aspects, and other aspects pertaining to an accurate recording of their food intake. Records were turned in and reviewed at the time of laboratory testing. Dietary records were analyzed using a software package (Food Processor SQL, ESHA Research, Salem, OR, USA).

Micronutrient intake was assessed during a 3-day period by a 24-hour diet record. Subjects were instructed regarding portion sizes, supplements, food preparation aspects, and other aspects pertaining to an accurate recording of their food intake. Records were turned in and reviewed at the time of laboratory testing. Dietary records were analyzed using a software package (Food Processor SQL, ESHA Research, Salem, OR, USA).

Micronutrient intake was assessed during a 3-day period by a 24-hour diet record. Subjects were instructed regarding portion sizes, supplements, food preparation aspects, and other aspects pertaining to an accurate recording of their food intake. Records were turned in and reviewed at the time of laboratory testing. Dietary records were analyzed using a software package (Food Processor SQL, ESHA Research, Salem, OR, USA).

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) was measured using a high-sensitivity enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) principle

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) was measured using a high-sensitivity enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) principle

Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) was measured in iced citrated plasma using the Coatest PAI method (enzyme immunoassay-EIA)

Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) was measured in iced citrated plasma using the Coatest PAI method (enzyme immunoassay-EIA)

Microalbuminuria plasma concentration was measured by high-sensitivity particle-enhanced turbidimetric assay

Microalbuminuria plasma concentration was measured by high-sensitivity particle-enhanced turbidimetric assay

C-reactive protein plasma concentration was measured by high-sensitivity particle-enhanced turbidimetric assay

C-reactive protein plasma concentration was measured by high-sensitivity particle-enhanced turbidimetric assay

Apolipoprotein A1 plasma concentration was measured by high-sensitivity particle-enhanced turbidimetric assay

Apolipoprotein A1 plasma concentration was measured by high-sensitivity particle-enhanced turbidimetric assay

Apolipoprotein B100 plasma concentration was measured by high-sensitivity particle-enhanced turbidimetric assay

Apolipoprotein B100 plasma concentration was measured by high-sensitivity particle-enhanced turbidimetric assay

Inclusion Criteria: older than 24 years, be premenopausal and not currently pregnant, BMI higher than 24.9 kg/m2, free from major disease Exclusion Criteria: Not meeting the inclusion criteria