Active clinical trials for "Diarrhea"

Childhood diarrhea and pneumonia remains the leading cause of mortality among children under five years of age in Pakistan. The prevalence of diarrhea in Pakistan has increased from 15% in 1990 to 23% in 2013 while there has been no progress in the prevalence of pneumonia and it has been almost constant over the last two decades. The coverage of preventive and therapeutic interventions for childhood diarrhea and pneumonia also remains low. This study aims to improve the adherence to recommended preventive and curative practices for childhood diarrhea and pneumonia.

This is a single-center, double-blind, placebo-controlled, Phase II vaccination and challenge study designed to confirm a human challenge model with E. coli strain LSN03-016011/A.

This a cluster randomised controlled trial (cRCT) to evaluate the effect of a novel food hygiene intervention on infant health.

To investigate the use of antibiotic prophylaxis in patients undergoing TURP and TURB. The investigators set up a prospective, randomized controlled trial in which (after exclusion of risk factors) patients will be randomized in receiving levofloxacin (Tavanic) orally or no antibiotics. The exclusion criteria for TURP are a pre-operative transurethral catheter or > 100 urinary white blood cells in the pre-operative urine sample. The exclusion criteria for TURB are a pre-op catheter or clinical signs of infection.

The purpose of this study is to determine if the ETEC vaccine ETVAX with and without dmLT adjuvant is safe and immunogenic in adults, children, toddlers and infants in Bangladesh.

This project aims to study the benefits of probiotics namely Bifidobacterium longum BB536 in prevention of acute diarrhea and/or respiratory-related illnesses, which are found common among children in Malaysia aged from 2 to 6 years.

The effect of large scale handwashing and hygiene promotion campaigns on handwashing behaviour, diarrhoea and respiratory infections is not known. While Intensive small scale interventions have achieved improvements in handwashing behaviour and reductions in diarrhoea and respiratory infections, it is not clear whether realistic and scalable interventions delivered across large areas achieve effects large enough to be of public health interest. The Unilever "School of 5" Lifebuoy campaign is such a scalable intervention that is being rolled out across the state of Bihar during 2015 to 2017. The proposed study aims at evaluation the effect of this campaign on handwashing behaviour in school aged children and their mothers, and on diarrhoea and respiratory infections in the same children and their younger siblings.

Background (brief): Burden: In low income neighborhoods in Dhaka many households share toilets which are often unsanitary and their discharge contaminates the community. Knowledge gap: Behavior change messages have the potential to make people concerned about maintaining shared toilets quality, cleanliness and safety of the facility. There are many contributors to poor sanitation in low income neighborhoods in Dhaka but it's not clear that the situation can be improved with behavior change or even which specific messages to target. Relevance: Water Sanitation for the Urban Poor (WSUP) is a nongovernmental organization working to improve shared sanitation facilities in Dhaka. They are interested in developing and evaluating a behavior change program to improve shared sanitation in Dhaka and to generate lessons that would be relevant for other low income urban settings globally. Hypothesis: A behavior change communication intervention can improve the quality and cleanliness of sanitation services available to low-income residents of Dhaka. Objectives: To deliver behavior change messages (which target key behaviors influencing the quality and cleanliness of shared sanitation facilities) to randomly selected low-income communities in Dhaka. To evaluate the effectiveness of a behavior change communication intervention designed to change targeted behaviors related to the quality and cleanliness of shared sanitation facilities. Methods: Local non-governmental organizations will deliver the intervention (behavior change communication package) in randomly selected communities. For this study the investigators will assess the impact of this intervention on the targeted behaviors using follow-up surveys and spot checks.

Control of diarrhoeal disease requires a comprehensive package of preventive and curative interventions. in Zambia, the Programme for Awareness and Elimination of Diarrhoea (PAED) aims to reduce child deaths by combating diarrhoea in Lusaka province, Zambia. The behaviour change component of the PAED programme seeks to change behaviours important for diarrhoea prevention (handwashing with soap and exclusive breastfeeding) and improved treatment outcomes (use of oral rehydration solution (ORS) and zinc in home management of child diarrhoea). The study aims to evaluate the feasibility of implementing a multiple behaviour change community programme to tackle diarrhoeal disease in children under-five and to assess the impact of this programme on practice of the target behaviours by caregivers of children under-five. The research questions will be answered through a a two-arm cluster-randomised trial (eight clusters per study arm).

Probiotics are commercially available live bacteria thought to have health benefits when ingested. A literature review of probiotic studies in the intensive care unit (ICU) found that in patients who receive probiotics, there is a 25% reduction in lung infection, known as ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). There is also an 18% reduction in the chance of developing any infection in the ICU. However, the studies reviewed were small and not well done. Therefore, whether probiotics are really helpful or not is unclear. Before a large carefully performed study is done to evaluate the effects of probiotics in critically ill patients, a pilot trial is needed. The investigators plan to study the feasibility of such a trial in mechanically ventilated ICU patients in 11 ICUs in Ontario, investigating whether orally ingested L. rhamnosus GG (a common probiotic) prevents VAP and other infections. The 4 goals of the pilot study will be to ensure that we can successfully enrol patients; follow the protocol faithfully; make sure patients don't receive additional probiotics, and estimate how much pneumonia exists in these patients. In a separate substudy, the investigators will evaluate the effects of probiotics on lower lung infiltration with potential harmful bacteria, stool bacteria, markers of immunity called cytokines, and markers of infection called endotoxin levels. The investigators plan to enroll 150 adults admitted to ICU and receiving mechanical ventilation. Following informed consent, patients will be randomized to either L. rhamnosus GG group or an identical placebo. Twice daily, patients will receive probiotics or placebo in a feeding tube. The investigators will record all infections and other important outcomes in the ICU. This study is very important in the ongoing search for more effective strategies to prevent serious infection during critical illness. Probiotics may be an easy-to-use, readily available, inexpensive approach to help future critically ill patients around the world.