Active clinical trials for "Infections"

The purpose of this study is to collect pharmacokinetic (PK) information related to how well intravenous Posaconazole (POS IV), is distributed in the body and to determine the safety and tolerability of this new formulation. In addition, the PK, safety, and tolerability of switching from taking POS IV to taking Posaconazole Oral Suspension (POS Oral) will be evaluated. The data collected in this study will be compared to data collected in previous studies. Individuals who have been diagnosed by their physicians with a blood disease or cancer that can affect their infection-fighting white blood cells will be asked to participate in the trial. Since these blood diseases and their treatments can weaken the immune system, they may put these individuals at a high risk for getting a serious fungal infection of their internal organs or blood (invasive fungal infection). As these fungal infections can be hard to detect early and can be life-threatening, many physicians believe that individuals diagnosed with these diseases should receive antifungal therapy to try to lower their risk of getting this type of infection. Enrollment into this study will take place in several stages (cohorts). The determination of which cohort an individual will be asked to participate in is based on which cohort is open at the site at the time the individual is approached to consider study participation.

This phase III, multi-centre, comparative, double-blind, randomized trial on 2 parallel groups is designed to evaluate a strategy for the prevention of HIV infection including "on demand" antiretroviral pre-exposure with Truvada versus placebo, associated with overall prevention (counselling, condoms, sexually transmitted diseases (STD) screening, hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis A virus (HAV) vaccinations and post-exposure treatment of HIV infection) in men who have sex with men (MSM), exposed to the risk of HIV infection. Indeed recent studies have reported a higher incidence of new HIV infection in MSM as compared to the general population, new approaches to the prevention of HIV infection are, therefore, necessary in order to consider the limits of current strategies.

Immunoprophylaxis failure of hepatitis B virus (HBV) leading to vertical transmission remains a concern and has been reported in approximately 8-15% of infants born to hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) positive mothers with high levels of HBV DNA. Maternal HBV DNA > 6log10 copies/mL (or >200,000 IU/mL) is the major risk for the mother-to-child transmission. Prior observational studies have shown that antiviral therapy including lamivudine or telbivudine use during late pregnancy can safely reduce the rate of vertical transmission in this special population compared to untreated patients. Tenofovir Disoproxil (TDF), a pregnancy category B medication, reduces HBV DNA and normalizes serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in chronic hepatitis B patients (CHB) with few adverse effects. Two aspects on tenofovir use in pregnancy will be evaluated prospectively in this study: The data on its tolerability and safety in HBeAg+ pregnant women with HBV DNA > 6log10 copies/mL (or > 200,000 IU/mL) during late pregnancy and infants. Its efficacy in the reduction of HBV vertical transmission rate.

Nutrient deficiency and immune dysfunction in older persons result in high prevalence of acute respiratory infection,which can lead to impaired nutritional status. The study objective was to determine the effect of multi micro-nutrient supplementation on nutritional and upper respiratory infection among apparently healthy community-dwelling elderly. The main hypothesis was whether daily multi micro-nutrient supplementation could reduce the incidence and prevalence of upper respiratory infection among apparently healthy community-dwelling older persons. Inclusion criteria were apparently independent healthy male and female older persons aged 60 years and over, not taking multi micro-nutrient supplementation over the last month. The study design was a community-based double-blind controlled trial involving 296 community-dwelling older persons aged 60 and above, in the Mampang Prapatan district, South Jakarta. Participants were randomized to receive either 40 mg elemental zinc (as gluconate), 120 mg ascorbic acid, 6 mg B-carotene, 15 mg alpha tocopherol (as d-alpha-tocopheryl acid succinate) and 400 micrograms folic acid (intervention group) or 400 mg calcium carbonate (control group). Supplements were taken daily for six months, from August 2008 to March 2009. Nutritional and health status were measured before and after supplementation. Poisson regression analysis was used to evaluate the effects of daily multi micro-nutrient supplementation on the incidence and prevalence of upper respiratory infection.

In this prospective study we investigated the impact of an improved postoperative microcirculation and its effect of surgical side infections after breast reduction.

This is a randomized, double blinded, placebo-controlled trial on the routine use of preoperative antibiotic prophylaxis in modified radical mastectomy to evaluate the efficacy of preoperative prophylactic antibiotics in the prevention of surgical site infection (SSI) in patients undergoing modified radical mastectomy (MRM) for breast care.

The aim of the study was to assess the effectiveness of a hand-washing programme using hand sanitizer in the prevention of school absenteeism due to upper respiratory infections. Students in intervention classrooms used hand sanitizers at schools and a programme educational on hand hygiene. The investigators hypothesize that the use de hand sanitizers in elementary school will reduce absenteeism due to upper respiratory infections.

The objective of this study is to assess the efficacy of 3M™ Tegaderm™ CHG I.V. Securement Dressing at the entry-site of a EVD in reducing quantity of microorganisms (CFU/cm2) after a time period of 5 days as a surrogate marker for EVD-associated infections [1, 2], compared to a nonantimicrobial polyurethane 3M Tegaderm™ Transparent Film Dressing. We aim to investigate, if the adjunct of an additional CHG-impregnated device on a routinely basis for the daily care is as a valuable and effective option to reduce contamination of the EVD entry-site and consecutive colonization of the catheter.

The goals of this project are 1) to assess the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of the checklist to prevent MRSA SSIs among Veterans undergoing TJA or cardiac surgery, and 2) to assess barriers and facilitators to checklist implementation. Hypotheses: The SSI checklist will be effective at reducing MRSA SSIs among total joint arthroplasty and cardiac surgery patients. Implementation of the checklist will be associated with an overall reduction in SSIs caused by all pathogens. The SSI Checklist will be cost-saving since it will prevent many expensive SSIs. Preoperative MRSA testing will be a modifiable barrier to implementing the SSI checklist.

Acute lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) account for more than 27% of all hospitalizations among US children under five years of age, with recurrent LRTIs in children a recognized risk factor for asthma. Residential biomass combustion leads to elevated indoor levels of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) that often exceed current health-based air quality standards. PM2.5 exposure is associated with many adverse health outcomes, including a greater than three-fold increased risk of LRTIs. To date, exposure reduction strategies in wood stove homes have been either inconsistently effective or include factors that limit widespread dissemination and continued compliance in rural and economically disadvantaged populations. In this project, the investigators propose to test the efficacy of two intervention strategies for reducing indoor wood smoke PM2.5 exposures and children's risk of LRTI in three unique and underserved settings: (1) rural mountain valley communities in western Montana; (2) Navajo Nation communities; and (3) Alaska Native Villages. The investigators will conduct a three-arm randomized placebo-controlled post-only intervention trial in wood stove homes with children less than five years old. Education on best-burn practices and training on the use of simple instruments (i.e., stove thermometers and wood moisture meters) will be introduced as one intervention arm (Tx1). This intervention will be evaluated against an indoor air filtration unit arm (Tx2), as well as a placebo arm (Tx3, sham air filters). The primary outcome will be LRTI incidence among children under five years of age. To allow for detection of exposure and outcome differences within each of the three regions, a sample of 324 homes, or 108 within each study area will be equally assigned to each of the three intervention arms. The overall hypothesis is that a low-cost, educational intervention targeting indoor wood smoke PM2.5 exposures will be sustainable, and can reduce children's risk of LRTI in underserved Native and rural communities.