Active clinical trials for "Pneumonia, Pneumococcal"

Primary Objective: To evaluate the impact of PCV7 vaccination on NP carriage rate of vaccine serotypes and serotype distribution Secondary Objective: To evaluate the impact of PCV7 vaccination on NP carriage of antibiotic resistant pneumococci and serotype distribution.

The cost of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine use can be greatly reduced by making use of existing herd immunity to protect children against vaccine type pneumococci. The investigators will reduce the circulation of vaccine type pneumococci to low levels by PCV catch-up campaign; vaccinating all children less than 3 years of age with PCV, after which the investigators will evaluate the ability of a simplified two doses regimen and an alternative one dose regimen to prevent the reintroduction of vaccine type pneumococci compared to the WHO recommended 2 doses schedule.

Nasopharyngeal (NP) colonization of S. pneumoniae in infants is generally acquired at approximately 4-6 months of age. Although there are differences in the prevalence and rank order of serotypes obtained from NP specimens and from those with invasive diseases, pneumococcal nasopharyngeal isolates may reflect the strains circulating in the community and may be used as a marker to predict serotype prevalence of invasive disease and resistance patterns. The information about pneumococcal strains found in Jordanian children and NP-carriage of infants is limited and do not include children living in rural regions. Monitoring serotype distribution is essential for the appropriate application of vaccination. Vaccine use in infants proves to be highly efficacious in the prevention of invasive pneumococcal disease as well as in decreasing the carriage of vaccine serotypes in the nasopharynx of infants which impacted significantly in the long run on otitis media infection and helped decrease the infection rates among contacts of these infants. The result has been a decrease in the pneumococcal infection rate among elderly contacts of these infants and decrease colonization with pneumococci. In order to determine the pneumococcal serotypes which are prevalent among infants attending day care centers (DCCs) in Jordan, a study of these types circulating among infants will be determined over a period of 15 months in 250-300 children attending the DCCs in Ajlun-City by taking 3 NP-swabs, the first before the first vaccine injection in May 2009, the second before the third injection at 10 months of age and the third swab sample is taken at 1 year of age (2-3 months after the last injection with the 7vPCV. The aims of this study were to determine the frequency of NP-carriage and serotype distribution of the strains isolated from infants less than 2 years old, and to get an insight about the coverage of the available and future pneumococcal conjugate vaccines developed for this infectious agent. Good results of this study project would make recommendations for the Ministry of Health (MOH) to include the vaccine in the National Vaccination Program. 15000 doses of the 7v PCV (Prevenar) were donated from Wyeth Pharmaceutical company to the MOH of Jordan in September 2008. These will be vaccinated in a vaccine program (for free) over 15 months period in 2009-2010 in one city in north Jordan called Ajlun. This city has 3676 births per year (Statistics of the MOH 2007). The vaccination program will start from the 18th of May, 2009, and ending in August 2010. The way the vaccine will be given is 2 + 1 injections as recommended by the vaccination committee of the MOH.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate safety of 15-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine in healthy volunteers aged above 3 Months.

This study looks at the usage of human antibiotics for treatment of animals in Bangladesh.

Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus) remains a leading cause of childhood mortality and morbidity. Between 2007 and 2012, Angkor Hospital for Children (AHC), Siem Reap, Cambodia documented that S. pneumoniae was responsible for around 10% of bloodstream infections in hospitalised children, with a case fatality rate of 15.6%. The use of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV), covering between 7 and 13 of the >90 pneumococcal serotypes, has resulted in significant declines in invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) incidence in countries where they are included in routine childhood immunisation schedules. Paediatric radiologic pneumonia incidence is also reduced by PCV, but the impact on clinical pneumonia is minimal. The vaccines have had an effect on reducing the burden of drug resistant IPD, although this may not be sustained. Given the large number of serotypes not included in the current PCV formulations, it is not surprising that initial declines in overall IPD incidence have been eroded by, for the time being, small increases in IPD due to non-vaccine serotypes. To date most data on this serotype replacement disease has come from high-income countries. It less clear how much serotype replacement will occur in low and middle income countries, where pre-PCV disease incidence is generally higher and other factors, such as unregulated antimicrobial consumption, may play a role in encouraging non-vaccine serotype infections. Nasopharyngeal colonisation by S. pneumoniae is common in childhood and is an essential prerequisite for invasive disease. Surveillance of pneumococcal colonisation can provide important data regarding serotype replacement and disease-associated serotypes, and may also allow prediction of likely IPD incidence changes post-vaccine introduction. A recent study of pneumococcal colonisation in children attending the AHC out-patients has documented an overall colonisation prevalence of approximately 65%. In January 2015, Cambodia will introduce the 13-valent PCV (PCV13; serotypes covered 1, 3, 4, 5, 6A, 6B, 7F, 9V, 14, 18C, 19F, 19A, 23F). The vaccine will be rolled out nationally with a 3+0 dosing schedule (6, 10 and 14 weeks) and no catch up campaign. There is no robust national surveillance system in place to monitor the effects of PCV13 introduction.

The World Health Organization has recommended that developing countries should incorporate pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) into their routine immunization schedules. The Kenya Ministry of Health anticipates introducing a new formulation of PCV, PCV10, into the routine childhood immunization schedule in 2010. In the areas of Kenya that have been designated to monitor the impact of vaccine, a catch-up campaign will be implemented to vaccinate children aged 12-59 months. PCV10 has been found to be safe and effective in infants. It is licensed for use in children up to 2 years of age, but its use as a primary series in children over age 12 months has not been evaluated. This study will assess the immunogenicity and reactogenicity of PCV10 first administered at an age of 12-59 months.

This PMS study aims to collect safety and reactogenicity data of Synflorix™ in healthy infants and children of the local population as per the licensing requirement of the Sri Lankan regulatory authority.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the added diagnostic value of a quantitative polymerase chain reaction targeting the lytA gene in detecting pneumococci in patients with community-acquired pneumonia.

I. To investigate time measurement from emergency room admission to first antibiotic administration. II. To evaluate risk factors for prolonged time to first antibiotic administration. III. To correlate time measurement with Charlson comorbidity index and multimorbidity patterns. IV. To investigate the impact of a delayed time to first antibiotic administration on the outcome