Effect of Korean Red Ginseng on Insulin Sensitivity in Non Diabetic Overweight Korean Adults (KRGIS)

Korean red ginseng (KRG) is popular worldwide since it is believed to contain ingredients with a variety of health enhancement effects. Several in vitro studies and animal studies showed that ginseng has anti-obesity, anti-diabetic and anti-metabolic disease effects. Several studies involving type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients reported that administration of KRG for 12 weeks resulted in positive effects on the maintenance of sugar control effect and improvement of insulin resistance Although there is evidence to suggest that KRG could efficacious reduction in postprandial glycemia, the benefits of long-term KRG in healthy individuals on insulin sensitivity has not yet been established. Therefore, we investigated whether KRG affected insulin sensitivity in healthy overweight or obese Korean subjects without overt diabetes.

80 adults between the ages of 20 and 60 years and with a BMI ≥ 23 kg/m2 was initially enrolled. The subjects had not taken any supplements or medications, including anti-diabetic drugs, anti-hypertensive drugs, steroids, or hormonal products, during the previous 4 weeks. This study had a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind controlled design. Each subject was randomized to either the Intervention group or the Control group. The subjects in the Intervention group were administered with 4 capsules (2 g) each of powdered red ginseng (6-year old , rootlets) 40 minutes before breakfast, lunch and dinner, totaling 12 capsules (6 g) per day, for 12 weeks. The subjects in the Control group were given the same quantity of placebos also three times a day for 12 weeks. Blood samples after a 12-h fast were taken at baseline and 12 weeks after randomization. Blood samples were taken after at least 8 hours of fasting for general blood test, biochemical test and lipid test. Each subject's diet was monitored by a semi-quantitative FFQ at baseline and after 12 weeks. Participants were asked to report the frequency of consumption of 53 food items contained in the semi-quantitative FFQ over the 2 weeks prior to administration by an experienced dietitian. Excessive drinking was defined according to the guidelines of the National Institute Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism when more than 14 glasses (alcohol 196 g) are consumed for male and 7 glasses (alcohol 98 g) for female. Physical activity was assessed using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire at baseline and after 12 weeks. We expressed physical activity levels as MET-minute. METs are multiples of the resting metabolic rates. A MET-minute is computed by multiplying the MET score of an activity by the minutes performed. MET-minute scores are equivalent to kilocalories for a 60 kilogram person.

Intervention group were administered with 4 capsules (2 g) each of powdered red ginseng (6-year old , rootlets) 40 minutes before breakfast, lunch and dinner, totaling 12 capsules (6 g) per day, for 12 weeks.

Intervention group were administered with 4 capsules (2 g) each of powdered red ginseng (6-year old , rootlets) 40 minutes before breakfast, lunch and dinner, totaling 12 capsules (6 g) per day, for 12 weeks

The subjects in the Control group were given the same quantity of placebos also three times a day for 12 weeks.

Blood samples after a 12-h fast were taken at baseline and 12 weeks after randomization. Blood samples were taken after at least 8 hours of fasting for glucose, insulin, liver enzyme, creatinine and lipid test. The homeostasis model assessment index-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated using a fomula: [fasting plasma insulin (µU/mL) × fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL)] / (22.5×18.182) and quantitative insulin-sensitivity check index (QUICKI) was calculated using a formula: 1 / [log fasting insulin (µU/mL) + log fasting blood sugar (mg/dL)]

Inclusion Criteria: ages of 20 and 60 years BMI ≥ 23 kg/m2 Exclusion Criteria: any supplements or medications, including anti-diabetic drugs, anti-hypertensive drugs, steroids, or hormonal products, during the previous 4 weeks participant's systolic BP was above 140 mmHg or diastolic BP above 90 mmHg above 100 m/dL before enrollment in the study