Increasing Cure Rate of Hepatitis C Therapy in Obese Hepatitis C Patients

Effects of Dietary and Behavioral Intervention and Orlistat for Management of Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome on Response to Hepatitis C Therapy

The purpose of this study is to determine whether obese people do not respond to hepatitis C treatment as well as lean people. This research studies whether obese people will show higher sustained virologic response rate if they lose weight by Orlistat use and dietary and lifestyle modification.

This study is designed to be an interventional, prospective, randomized, double-blinded case-control clinical trial. Procedures will be done in the Center for Liver Diseases, 9'Th floor of Kaufmann medical building, UPMC, USA. This study will also be carried out in National Liver Institute, Egypt. For treatment-naïve patients, we are targeting 32 subjects for each group; however, we are going to include 37 in each group to allow for estimated drop-outs rate of 15%. Subjects will be randomly assigned to 4 groups as follows: Group 1 includes non-obese controls (BMI < 25). They will receive one session of dietary and behavioral education. Groups 2, 3 and 4 include obese subjects (BMI ≥ 30). Group 2 includes obese controls who will receive one session of dietary and behavioral education. Groups 3 and 4 will receive up to 6 weekly sessions followed by 12 monthly sessions of dietary and behavioral education. Orlistat and placebo will be prescribed for Groups 3 and 4 respectively. For non-responders and releasers to previous anti-hepatitis C therapy who have BMI ≥ 25 (overweight or obese), subjects will be randomized to groups 5 and 6 and will receive same treatment as groups 3 and 4, respectively. Their results will be compared to the historic controls results. Screening procedures: Verifying the eligibility of patients for participation in the study will be done through reviewing data in medical history, physical examination and investigations included in the patients' medical records. Acquired immuno-deficiency syndrome (AIDS) status of the participating subject will be determined by reviewing HIV ELISA screening test, reported in the subject's medical records as well. Measurements of weight and height (for BMI calculation) will be taken and recorded during the initial clinic visit at the center for liver diseases for all patients who agree to participate and fulfill the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Weight measure will be taken while patient is in light underwear and without shoes, while standing with his arms lying alongside the body, and in apnea fixed at midexpiratory phase while height measure will be taken by a wall-mounted stadiometer and recorded to the nearest cm. Experimental procedures: Subjects will be randomly grouped into groups by simple randomization method. One of the investigators will pick one folded paper out of a plastic bag that contains folded papers labeled on the folded side with the number of the group. Further randomization will be done in the pharmacy by the same way to include treatment naïve candidates to groups 3 and 4 and to include treatment non naïve candidates to groups 5 and 6. Therefore, study team will be blinded from type of drug which the candidate will receive, whether Orlistat or placebo, respectively. Groups 1 and 2 as control groups will receive one session of dietary and physical education, and then they will start receiving standard hepatitis C treatment. Groups 3, 4, 5 and 6 as interventional groups will receive up to 6 sessions of dietary and physical education after which they will start receiving their standard hepatitis C treatment. Groups 3 and 4 will be encouraged to attend up to 12 monthly meetings (along side the monthly visits for their standard viral hepatitis therapy) at the health education room of center for liver diseases, to check dietary diaries and patient records of physical activity, discuss any related issues, reinforce and encourage compliance to dietary and physical exercise recommendations. The dietary and physical education (given through up to 6 weekly sessions and subsequently up to 12 monthly follow-up meetings) will be presented. It will be based on previously reported (Kelley et al. 2004) lifestyle modifications and dietary regulation program that includes healthy food selections, emphasizing reduced fat consumption (<=30% of daily calories) and restriction of portions to create a daily negative energy balance of ~500 kcal/day. Participants will be encouraged to start with 10 minutes of physical activity such as walking or cycling then gradually increase the activity duration up to 30 minutes. The dietitian will provide each subject with diary for daily recording of dietary intake. Orlistat (60 mg capsules, three times daily, before meals)will be prescribed for groups 3 and 5. Placebo will be administered for groups 4 and 6. Orlistat or Placebo will be given for 3 to 6 weeks prior to and during the 48 weeks of the standard anti-viral therapy. Pill counts will be obtained monthly to monitor medication compliance. Stress assessment will be done for the study candidates through a stress specific questionnaire before the start of the study and every 12 weeks afterwards. Stool samples will be taken from all patients before they start Interferon therapy and every 12 weeks on therapy. Stool samples will be stored at -80 degree Celsius for future PCR study of fecal micro flora. Follow-up procedures: Virological and biochemical responses will be followed as clinically indicated by clinical provider. Anthropometric measures of obesity such as measurements of weight, height (for BMI calculation), waist circumference, hip circumference, skin fold thickness and mid-arm circumference will be monthly followed and recorded. Midarm circumference and triceps skin fold thickness will be measured on the left arm midway between the tip of the acromion and the tip of olecranon and was recorded to the nearest 5 cm. Skin fold thickness will be measured at triceps. Waist circumference will be measured midway between iliac crest and lowest rib margin, and hip circumference at the level of the greater trochanters (Han et al. 2001).

Participants were divided into arms based upon BMI. Weight loss instruction/management provided only to overweight arm.

Patients naive to hepatitis C therapy with BMI ≥ 25, received Dietary and Lifestyle modification educational sessions (one-time 15 minute weight loss instruction and pamphlet and enrolled into weight management program with 5 weekly one-hour nutrition and physical exercise education sessions after initial evaluation followed by monthly follow up.)

6 sessions of dietary and physical education after which they will start receiving their standard hepatitis C treatment. they will be encouraged to attend up to 12 monthly meetings (along side the monthly visits for their standard viral hepatitis therapy.

Early virological response (EVR) defined as a greater than 2-log10 decline in serum HCV RNA from the pretreatment baseline or an undetectable serum HCV RNA at treatment week 12

EVR compared between overweight subjects who achieved significant weight loss (>=3%) and those who did not

Inclusion Criteria: 18 years or older positive diagnosis of hepatitis C, by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR scheduled to start treatment of hepatitis C by peg interferon and ribavirin agreeing to give a written consent to participate in this study. Exclusion Criteria: patients under 18 years of age refusal to give a consent to participate in the study history of recreational drug or alcohol use in the preceding 6 months pregnancy by hCG pregnancy testing which will be done prior to and monthly during the 12 month hepatitis C therapy and for 6 months following the end of treatment plan for pregnancy during the study period failure to adhere to contraceptive methods HIV disease evidence of cirrhosis or confirmed hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), evidence of decompensated liver disease or presence of other liver diseases such as hepatitis B, hemochromatosis, autoimmune hepatitis and Wilson disease Patients will be removed from the study if they develop severe side effects to IFN (e.g marked depression, autoimmune reactions like thyroiditis, aplastic anemia..), severe side effects to ribavirin (e.g. marked hemolysis) or intolerance of Orlistat/placebo (e.g. allergic reaction, diarrhea, flatulence..) and withdrawal of the consent.